Attorneys for Appellee

Karen Freeman-Wilson
Attorney General of Indiana

James B. Martin
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, IN

Appellant (Defendant below),

                       v.
                        

                       STATE OF INDIANA,
         Appellee (Plaintiff below  ).

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)    Supreme Court No.
)    20S00-0003-CR-200
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    Defendant left the apartment several times to get more beer. The last time Defendant came home, an argument with Fink escalated into a fistfight. Fink hit Defendant several times, at one point chipping Defendant’s tooth. A little later Defendant went into the be droom, took out his roommate’s shotgun, and shot Fink. As will be seen, the facts surrounding the argument, the fight, and the shooting were in dispute at trial. Fink later died from his wounds.

    Early on June 19, 1999, Defendant was found asleep in the back of a taxicab near the crime scene. Detective Mock, the officer assigned to the investigation, took Defendant to the police station. On the way to the police station, Detective Mock orally advised Defendant of his Miranda rights, which Defendant waived at that point. At the police station, Detective Mock again advised Defendant of his Miranda rights, which Defendant again waived. Defendant then gave a statement, which Detective Mock typed. Defendant’s statement indicated that he had knowingly and intentionally shot Harry Fink. Defendant was charged with murder See footnote and, after a five-day jury trial, was found guilty of Fink’s murder. Defendant now appeals his conviction, raising several issues.

    We will recite additional facts as necessary.

The State bears “the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant voluntarily and intelligently waived his rights, and that the defendant’s confession was voluntarily given.” Crain v. State, 736 N.E.2d 1223, 1230 (Ind. 2000) (citing Schmitt v. State, 730 N.E.2d 147, 148 (Ind. 2000)). Where the State has met its burden and the trial court has ruled to admit the confession, we review the trial court’s determination for an abuse of discretion. Ringo v. State, 736 N.E.2d 1209, 1211 (Ind. 2000) (citing Jones v. State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 56 (Ind. 1995), reh’g denied). When reviewing a challenge to the trial court’s decision to admit a confession, we do not reweigh the evidence, but instead examine the record for substantial, probative evidence of voluntariness. Carter v. State, 730 N.E.2d 155, 157 (Ind. 2000).

Defendant asks us to infer from certain answers given to the police and the asserted illegibility of his signature on his statement that he was so highly intoxicated (and otherwise mentally impaired) at the time of his confession that it should not be considered knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. Defendant cites several somewhat older cases See footnote for the proposition that a person can be too intoxicated to make a voluntary confession. More recent cases, however, make clear that coercive police activity is a necessary prerequisite to finding a confession is not voluntary within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Crain, 736 N.E.2d at 1231 (citing Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167 (1986)). A confession is voluntary if, in light of the totality of the circumstances, the confession is the product of a rational intellect and not the result of physical abuse, psychological intimidation, or deceptive interrogation tactics that have overcome the defendant's free will. United States v. Dillon, 150 F.3d 754, 757 (7th Cir. 1998). The critical inquiry is whether the defendant's statements were induced by violence, threats, promises, or other improper influence. Page v. State, 689 N.E.2d 707, 711 (Ind. 1997).

    Factors such as intoxication and lack of sleep may be factors in determining volu ntariness. Ringo, 1236 N.E.2d at 1213 (Ind. 2000) (citing Pettiford v. State, 619 N.E.2d 925 (Ind. 1993) (citing in turn Connelly, 479 U.S. 157)). However, Defendant makes no argument that there was any violence, threats, promises, or improper influence in this case. See footnote

We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant's motion to suppress because the record contains substantial probative evidence sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no evidence of improper police influence or coe rcion in obtaining the confession.

The events giving rise to this claim took place a short time prior to the shooting of Fink. Defendant had returned to his apartment at around 11:00 in the evening, and about a half hour later, he sent Rob Waller out to obtain more marijuana, as they had run out. After Waller left the apartment, Defendant, Fouche, and Fink sat down to watch television. At one point, Defendant went into the kitchen to get a beer. After Defendant came back from the kitchen, he and Fouche had sexual intercourse. Defendant contends that he was invited to have sex with Fouche by Fink and that she consented. Fouche contends that Defendant raped her despite her (and Fink’s) efforts to resist. There is agreement that after this, Fouche took a shower and came back into the living room to hear the Defendant and Fink arguing. But the accounts of the events that took place after the argument are in dispute.

Defendant testified that after the argument, he threatened to call the police to report Fink. Fink prevented this by pulling Defendant away from the phone, and also prevented Defendant from leaving the apartment. Defendant testified that he felt threatened and went to get the shotgun just to scare Fink. But in his walk from the bedroom to the living room, Defendant testified that he stumbled on the carpet and the shotgun fired accidentally, hitting Fink.

Fouche’s testimony is the opposite. Fouche testified that after she got out of the shower, she heard Defendant and Fink fighting. Fink threatened to call the police to report the rape, and Defendant pulled the phone cord out of the wall to prevent Fink from dialing the phone. Another fistfight ensued, and then it ended abruptly. After the fight, Defendant went to the kitchen to get more beer for himself and Fink, and then sat down on the couch with Fink and Fouche. Defendant then stated to Fink, “I’m gonna take you down just like you took me down.” Fink replied, “The only way you’re gonna take me down … is to shoot me, and when you shoot me, make sure that I’m dead.” According to Fouche, Defendant got up from the couch, went to his room, and came back with the shotgun. Fouche testified that Defendant deliberately aimed the shotgun at Fink before he pulled the trigger.

The trial court allowed Fouche to testify about the alleged rape for the limited purpose to show intent, motive, and absence of accident or mistake. In its ruling, the trial court stated, “the relevancy [of Fouche’s rape testimony] would be dictated by [Defendant’s] choice of defense of accident. In that sense it seems to me it’d be clearly relevant as to whether or not this was an accident.”

    When addressing the admissibility of evidence under Rule 404(b), a trial court must utilize a two-prong analysis. First, the trial court must assess whether the evidence has some relevancy to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged act. Second, the trial court must weigh the probative value of the evidence against its prej udicial effect, pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 403. See footnote Dickens v. State, 754 N.E.2d 1, 4 (Ind. 2001); Hicks v. State, 690 N.E.2d 215, 221 (Ind. 1997). This court will review the trial court’s determination and only reverse when there is an abuse of discretion. Dickens, 754 N.E.2d at 4.

Our review of the record reveals that the rape testimony given by Fouche was relevant. The alleged rape immediately preceded the shooting of Fink and together with the argument and fistfight, Fouche’s testimony provided a potential motive for Defendant deliberately to shoot Fink. Fouche’s testimony was therefore relevant to rebut Defendant’s defense of accident. In addition, the timing of the prosecution’s request to offer the rape testimony suggests that the prior bad act evidence was not offered for the purpose of showing Defendant’s propensity for violent crimes. Although the State had indicated that Fouche was a potential witness, it was only after Defendant disclosed his defense of accident (outside the presence of the jury) that the State indicated it would put her on the stand to testify about the alleged rape. The court took this timing into consideration and properly ruled that the evidence was relevant and probative to the State’s case in chief, tending to show Defendant’s motive and intent.

Next we assess the trial court’s balance under Rule 403. Crain, 736 N.E.2d at 1236. Although not explicit, it is clear from the record that the trial court was of the view that the probative value of Fouche’s testimony was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. The trial court discussed the probative value of the rape testimony, noting the proximity of the alleged rape to the shooting of the victim. This proximity in time made the alleged rape evidence probative to showing Defendant’s motive, intent, or absence of accident or mistake.

However, the court did recognize the prejudicial nature of Fouche’s testimony. When the testimony was given, the trial court instructed the jury to not take Fouche’s testimony as proof of Defendant’s character. We have long held that when a jury is properly instructed by the trial court, the jury is presumed to have followed such instructions. See Tabor v. State, 461 N.E.2d 118, 125 (Ind. 1984); see also Chandler v. State, 581 N.E.2d 1233, 1237 (Ind. 1991). Moreover, there is no evidence before us that indicates the contrary. See Tabor, 461 N.E.2d at 125. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the rape testimony under Rule 404(b) for the limited purposes of showing intent, motive, and absence of mistake or accident.

On direct examination, Defendant testified about a conversation he had with Fink on the day of the murder. Fink had told Defendant that they did not need to work to make rent money; instead, Defendant could steal the money they needed. Defendant told Fink, “I’m done with stuff like that.”

On cross examination, the State asked Defendant what he had meant by “I’m done with stuff like that.” Defendant replied that he meant he was finished with stealing from people. The State proceeded to question Defendant about his prior convictions for theft. On objection, the State’s only explanation was that Defendant had opened the door to such an impeachment by stating he was not a thief.

The trial court ruled in favor of admissibility stating, “[t]he convictions will be admi ssible. … [I]n light of the Defendant’s testimony that he was not a thief, and [that] he wasn’t up for getting involved in any of that kind of activity, [the probative value] outweighs the prejudicial effect of antiquated convictions more than ten years old.”

Our prior cases that have discussed Rule 609(b) and the ten-year limitation have dealt with situations where the defendant wanted to impeach a State witness with prior convictions that were more than ten years old. See Stephenson v. State, 742 N.E.2d 463, 485 (Ind. 2001); Schwestak v. State, 674 N.E.2d 962, 963 (Ind. 1996). In this case, the opposite is true. The State impeached Defendant’s testimony with Defendant’s prior convictions for theft ranging from 1970 to 1984. We assume for purposes of analysis that Defendant did not “open the door” to this evidence.

Rule 609(b), unlike Rule 403, is a rule that presumes the exclusion of convictions more than ten years old. See Robert Lowell Miller, Jr., Indiana Practice, Vol. 13, §609.202, 170 (1991). As such, the party seeking to admit such convictions “must support the argument for probative value with specific facts and circumstances upon which the trial court may base a finding of admissibility.” Id. In addition, the trial court must balance the probative value against the prejudicial effect of the old convictions on the record. We review this ruling under Rule 609(b) for an abuse of discretion. Stephenson, 742 N.E.2d at 485, Schwestak, 674 N.E.2d at 965; see United States v. Reed, 2 F.3d 1441, 1448 (7th Cir. 1993).
The five-part test first enunciated in United States v. Mahone, 537 F.2d 922, 929 (7th Cir.) cert denied, 429 U.S. 1025 (1976), and reaffirmed in United States v. Castor, 937 F.2d 293 (7th Cir. 1991), is instructive. See footnote The trial court is to consider the following five factors, but this list is not exclusive: “(1) the impeachment value of the prior crime; (2) the point in time of the conviction and the witness’ subsequent history; (3) the similarity between the past crime and the charged crimes; (4) the importance of the defendant’s testimony; and (5) the centrality of the credibility issue.” Castor, 937 F.2d at 299 n.8; see Miller, at 171.

The last two factors – the importance of Defendant’s testimony and the centrality of the credibility of Defendant – do cut in favor of the admissibility of the convictions. But while these two factors favor admission, they are also in tension with the fact that the “risk of unfair prejudice is greater when the conviction is that of a party.” Miller, at 170. Additional assessment of the convictions is needed to ensure that the probative value of these remote convictions substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect. Evid. R. 609(b)

This was not done by the trial court. For example, the point in time of the last convi ction and the witness’s subsequent history was not considered. The latest conviction for theft was in January 1984. Between 1984 and the time of trial, fifteen years had passed without Defendant earning another theft conviction or charge. See footnote The admission of these convictions without further analysis violates the principle implicit in the ten-year time limit that older convictions have little bearing on the current state of a defendant’s credibility.

Here, the State has not effectively rebutted the exclusionary presumption of Rule 609. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted stale convictions without an analysis of the facts and circumstances surrounding the convictions and Defendant’s cu rrent charge for murder. See Schwestak, 674 N.E.2d at 964 (“We cannot see why the probative value of this conviction, which is more than ten years old, is so high as to overcome the general rule that stale convictions are not admissible.”)

    However, when the trial court has erroneously admitted evidence, we “disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.” Ind. Trial Rule 61. We have interpreted this to mean that if, in light of all the evidence in the case, the error has had an insubstantial impact on the jury, the error did not affect the su bstantial rights of the parties. See Williams v. State, 749 N.E.2d 1139, 1142 (Ind. 2001); Schwestak, 674 N.E.2d at 965; Fleener v. State, 656 N.E.2d 1140, 1142 (Ind. 1995).

    The State had additional opportunities to impeach Defendant’s credibility during the State’s cross-examination of Defendant. These included eliciting evidence of prior inconsi stent statements of Defendant, consumption of alcohol and marijuana prior to the shooting, the victim as a threat to Defendant, and Defendant’s written confession and later retraction. In light of all the evidence, it appears that Defendant’s rights have not been substantially affected by the erroneous admission of his prior theft convictions. Even if the prior theft convictions had not been admitted, the jury would have had substantial impeachment evidence before it to cast doubt on the credibility of Defendant’s testimony. See footnote

    Indiana Trial Rule 51 (C) requires a party to object at trial as a prerequisite for clai ming error on appeal. Scisney v. State, 701 N.E.2d 847, 849 (Ind. 1998). Here Defendant did not object to the absence of a law and the facts instruction. He asks that we review this claim on grounds that the trial court’s omission constituted “fundamental error.”

The fundamental error doctrine holds that we will grant relief even where error is not properly preserved for appeal when the error is so prejudicial to the rights of the defendant that a fair trial was impossible. See Carter v. State, 738 N.E.2d 665, 677 (Ind. 2000); Charlton v. State, 702 N.E.2d 1045, 1051 (Ind. 1998). Here it was clearly error for the trial court not to give the law and the facts instruction as required by statute. But given that the jury was properly instructed as to all of the elements of the offense and counsel interposed no request for a law and the facts instruction nor objected to its omission, we are unable to find any fundamental error.

SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON, BOEHM, and RUCKER, JJ., concur.